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THE 



NEW AID TO MEMORY. 


PART THE SECOND: 


CONTAINING 

THE MOST REMARKABLE EVENTS 

OF THE 

HISTORY OF ROME. 


ILLUSTRATED BY 

EIGHTY SYMBOLICAL ENGRAVINGS. 


BY THE 

REV. ROBERT ROWE KNOTT, M.A, F.S.A. 

/ VICAR OF HELLIDON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, 

AND AUTHOR OF THE NEW AID TO MEMORY ADAPTED TO THE 
HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 

BY A CAMBRIDGE M.A. ) 


SECOND EDITION. 


LONDON:—WHITTAKER AND CO. 

AVE-MARIA LANE. 


M.DCCC.XLI. 








LONDON: 

PRINTED BY MANNING AND MASON, 
IVY-LANE, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 








« # 




Vol- 

Da fcp 

Copy 

A- T ■hp>rr) 

No. of vols 

D17-82-335 

Specs. ..Rebind Kg 

style MB. 




7-56 (rev 4/72) 








































TO 

THE RIGHT HONORABLE 

THE COUNTESS OF DENBIGH, 


THIS VOLUME IS, 

WITH HER LADYSHIP’S PERMISSION, 

VERY RESPECTFULLY 

INSCRIBED, 

AS A SMALL TOKEN OF GRATITUDE, 

BY 


THE AUTHOR 


Speedily will be published, 


Part IIT. 

OF THE 

NEW AID TO MEMORY: 

COMPRISING 

THE SCRIPTURES: 

WITH 

Chronological Illustrations of the Patriarch 
Judges, Kings, and Prophets. 

Uniform with Parts I. and II. 

CONTAINING 


“ ENGLAND AND ROME.” 


LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 


Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen Dowager —5 copies. 


A. 

Rev. C. J. Abraham 
Wm, Acton, Esq. 

Rev. J. C. J. Hoskyns Abra- 
hall 

Mrs. Alford 
Rev. J. Allen—3 copies 
Mr. Justinian Allen 
Wm. Allison, Esq. 

J. P. Anderdon, Esq. 

C. Armfield, Esq. 

John Arnold, Esq. 

J. Aston, Esq. 

John Aston, Esq. 

B. 

Countess of Bradford — 

3 copies 

Lord Bagot—3 copies 
Lord Bateman 
Lord Boston 

Sir W. E. Rouse Boughton, 
Bart. 

Sir T. H.L. Broadhead, Bart. 
George Back, Esq. 

— Backhouse, Esq. 

Joseph Baldwin, Esq. 

Rev. R. H. Barham 
Wm. Barneby, Esq. 

H. Barrett, Esq. 

— Bates, Esq. 

— Bellamy, Esq. 

J. B. Belville, Esq. 

Wm. Bennitt, Esq. 

John Bill, Esq.—2 copies 
E. Bond, Esq. 


J. G. Bord, Esq. 

Beriah Botfield, Esq. M.P. 
Mrs. Bowen 

C. Hall Bracebridge, Esq.— 
3 copies 
J. Brain, Esq. 

Mrs. James Brawton 
Jas. Brebner, Esq. 

Rich. Brettle, Esq. 

Mrs. Bridges 
Jer. Briggs, Esq. 

Mr. John Brittin—3 copies 
Sam. Stone Briscow, Esq. 
Lieut. Brown, R.N. 

Mrs. Brown 
Thos. Burbidge, Esq. 

Thos. John Burgoyne, Esq. 
J. D. Burnaby, Esq. 

Geo. Burnham, Esq. 

Mrs. Burt 
Fred. Burr, Esq. 

Edwin Bush, Esq. 

Mrs. Bushby 
Thos. Butler, Esq. 

C. Butlin, Esq. 

C. 

Earl of Clarendon 
Bishop of Chichester — 

3 copies 

Sir Henry Calder, Bart. 

The Lady Frances Calder 
Sir R. H. CunlifFe, Bart. 
Hon. Lady Carr—2 copies 
Robert Canning, Esq. 

Wm. Careless, Esq. 

b 





VI 


W. R. Cartwright, Esq. M.P. 
Mrs. Chamberlain 
Mrs. Chandler 
James Charles, Esq. 

Edmund Charles, Esq. 
Edward Charles, Esq. 

F. Clarkson, Esq. 

Rice R. Clayton, Esq. 

Mrs. Clissold 

Capt. J. Cole, R.N. K.H. 

T. Cole, Esq. 

S. Coleman, Esq. 

Rev. E. Coleridge 

Mr. G. Collins—2 copies 
Mr. Wm. Collins 
Mrs. Cook 
J. Comer, Esq. 

Mrs. John Coney 
Dr. Conquest, M.D. 

Bransby B. Cooper, Esq. 
Mrs. Cooper 
Rev. J. G. Copleston 
Major H. Court—2 copies 

T. B. Cox, Esq. 

Edw. Coxwell, Esq. 

Fulwar Craven, Esq. 

Robt. G. Cresswell, Esq. 
Rich. Green Cresswell, Esq. 
T. Cullock, Esq. 

D. 

The Countess of Denbigh— 
3 copies 

The Lady Dover 

The Bishop of Durham— 

2 copies 

General Sir Ralph Darling, 
K.C.B. 

Mrs. Dampier 
Miss Dampier 
Miss Celia Dampier 
Rev. A. F. Daubeny 
John Dent, Esq. 

John Devonport, Esq. 

Mrs. Villiers Dent 
Samuel Dixon, Esq. 

Mrs. George Drew 


George Durant, Esq. 

Thos. Drake, Esq. 

E. 

The Countess of Egremont— 
3 copies 
Lord Elibank 
Mr. George Easton 
William Edwards, Esq. 

Mrs. Egerton 
Miss Egerton 

Wm. Tatton Egerton, Esq. 
M.P. 

Edw. Elwell, Esq. 

Sir De Lacy Evans, K.C.B. 
3 copies 

John Evans, Esq. 

F. 

Earl Fitzwilliam 

Lady Laura Fitzroy—3 copies 

Sir Edmund Filmer, Bart. 

M.P. — 3 copies 
C. Fardell, Esq. 

Mrs. Farquharson 
Rev. John Fisher 
J. Foster, Esq. 

Mrs. Franklin 
J. B. Freer, Esq. 

George Frere, Esq. 

George Furley, Esq. 

G. 

The Lady Grace Gore 
Hon. Mrs. Gage. 

Sir Robt. Gordon, K.C.B.— 
2 copies 

H. Gaitskell, Esq. 

J. Agg Gardner, Esq. 

John Gibbons, Esq. 

Rev. J. Goldesborough 
Rev. J. Goodall 
C. O. Goodford, Esq. 

A. Goodheart, Esq. 

John Gregson, Esq. 

Rev. G. Green—3 copies 
Frederick Green, Esq. 




Vll 


Mrs. Frederick Green 
S. Y. Griffith, Esq. 

Henry Grimes, jun. Esq. 
Edw. Grove, Esq. 

W. Grundy, Esq—3 copies 
John Gwynne, Esq. 

H. 

Earl Howe—3 copies 
Hon. Col. Hely Hutchinson 
Sir Alex. Hood, Bart. 
Richard Halfhead, Esq. 

J. Hammond, Esq. 

S. Handing, Esq. 

Wm. Judd Harding, Esq. 
Miss Hardy 
Mrs. Harmer Sheppard 
James Haworth, Esq. 

Rev. Dr. Hawtrey 
Robert Haynes, Esq. 

Rev. Gilbert W. Heathcote 
R. Hebert, Esq. 

Mrs. Herbert 
Charles Heygate, Esq. 

Mrs. Hibbert 
Miss Hibbert 
R. Higgen, Esq. 

Edmund Higgenson, Esq. 

J. Hill, Esq. 

Mrs. Hinxman 
H. Hodgson, Esq. 

R. S. Holford, Esq.—. 

3 copies 
Mrs. Horner 

T. Howes, Esq. 

Mrs. Howes 
Seymour Huffam, Esq. 

J. Hunt, Esq. 

Wm. Oakes Hunt, Esq. 

John Saville Hyde, Esq. 
Thomas Yate Hunt, Esq. 

I. 

The Lady Sarah In'gestre 
G. F. Iddins, Esq. 

J. M. Innes, Esq. 

Rev. S. Isaacson 


J. 

Mrs. Jackson 
Wm. Jones, Esq. 

K. 

Right Hon. Sir E. Knatch- 
bull, Bart. M.P.—3 copies 
Sir Charles Knightley, Bart. 

M.P.—3 copies 
Lady Knightley—3 copies 
Edw. Cater, Esq. 

W. H. Keily, Esq. 

E. N. Kershaw, Esq.— 

2 copies 

Newbold Kinton, Esq. 

L. 

Lord Leigh 
J. Langley, Esq. 

Edw. Lawford, Esq.— 

2 copies 

Chas. Bourne Lawton, Esq. 

6 copies 
Rev. B. Leach 
Miss Lecount 
J. F. Ledsam, Esq. 

Lieut. Lethart, R. N. 

Robert Lewis, Esq. 

Miss Eliza Lintot 
Henry Littledale, Esq. 

Geo. Lloyd, Esq. 

J. Loveday, Esq. 

Moses Lovett, Esq. 

W. C. Lowndes, Esq. 

The Misses Luxmore— 

2 copies 

Rev. Edw. B. Lye 

M. 

Right Hon. Lord Monteagle 

Lord Milton 

Charles Markham, Esq. 

Dr. Wm. Marsden, M.D. 

The Misses Matthews 
George Mayer, Esq. 

Miss Meade 




vm 


John Mercer, Esq. 

J. A. Mercer, Esq. 

F. S. Miller, Esq. 

Luke Minshall, Esq. 

Lieut. De Montmorency, 
R.N 

Capt. Moorsom 
George Morgan, Esq. 

John Mott, Esq. 

Mrs. Thomas Mountford 
J. L. Murley, Esq. 

N. 

Viscount Newry 
Hon. Col. Doyle North 
William Nash, Esq. 

A. Nash, Esq. 

J. Neild, Esq., M.P. F.S.A. 
F. Newdigate, Esq. 

J. L. Nicholas, Esq. 

Wm. Mountford Nurse, Esq. 

O 

Right Hon. Sir George Gore 
Ouseley, Bart. G. C. H. 
F.R.S. F.S.A. 

Hon. Miss O’Bryen 
Hon. Miss Mary O’Bryen. 
Mrs. Owen 
Miss Orde 

P. 

The Countess of Pembroke 
The Lady Louisa Pole 
The Bishop of Peterborough 
3 copies 

Sir Edw. Parry, Bart 
Sir Thomas Phillips, Bart. 
Rev. Robert Packman 
Miss Pardy 

P. G. Patmore, Esq.— 

3 copies 

Owen Parker, Esq. 

R. Parry, Esq. 

Major Josiah Patrick 


Walter Paul, Esq. 

John Perceval, Esq. 

Rev. Wm. Philpot 
Rev. E. H. Pickering 
Miss Pitt 
Mrs. W. Phillips 
George C. Phillips, Esq. 

Mrs. R. C. Phelips 
Thos. Pickernell, Esq. 

J. P. Plumptre, Esq, M.P. 
3 copies 

Wm. Powell, Esq. 

A. Preston, Esq. 

Rev. J. Prosser 

R. 

The Lady Caroline Russell 
The Bishop of Rochester— 
3 copies 

The Bishop of Ripon— 

3 copies 

Hon. D. Ramsay 
Hon. S. Spring Rice, Esq.-— 
2 copies 

Hon. Manners Rous 
Sir Robert Frankland Rus¬ 
sell, Bart. 

George Lake Russell, Esq. 
Matthew Rackham, Esq. 

Geo. Rainsford, Esq. 

James Rattray, Esq. 

Wm. Rayer, Esq. 

J. E. Reade, Esq. 

Gen. T. Birch Reynardson 
Mrs. Reeves 
Rev. G. Ridout 
Mrs. Rich 

W. H. Ricketts^ Esq. 

H. Rippingham, Esq. 

H. Robinson, Esq. 

Rev. R. G. Rogers 
J. Romilly, Esq. 

Mrs. J. Romilly 
Mrs. Row 

Edw. Coxwell Rogers, Esq. 
Dr. Roget 




IX 


Jos. Rose, Esq. 

Jesse Watts Russell, Esq. 
F.R.S. F.S. A. 

S. 

Sir Gray Skipwith, Bart. 

Sir Edwyn Scudamore Stan¬ 
hope, Bart. 

Win. Scholefield, Esq. 
Richard Sciven, Esq. 

Miss Scott 

Francis Seaman, Esq. 

Miss Serrell 
Colonel Seymour 
Samuel A. Severne, Esq. 

T. Severs, Esq. 

Evelyn J. Shirley, Esq. M. P. 
Mrs. Simmonds 
H. Simpson, Esq. 

Miss Skerrett 
J. Smith, Esq. 

Henry Smith, Esq.—2 copies 
Gustavus T. Smith, Esq. 
Thomas Smith, Esq. 

T. H. Sotheron, Esq. 

R. Stamper, Esq. 

J. H. Fraser Stewart, Esq. 
Douglas Stuart, Esq. 

T. 

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Wm. Bewley Taylor, Esq. 
Capt. H. Thompson 
Mrs. W. Thorn 
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J. Tribe, Esq. 

Daniel Trinder, Esq. 

Mrs. A. Trotter 

U. 

H. Uppleby, Esq. 


V. 

Mr. J. C. Vidler 


W. 

The Marchioness of West¬ 
minster 

Hon. R. Randle Wilbraham, 
M.P. 

Hon. R. Watson—2 copies 
Sir W. E. Welby, Bart. 
Vice-Admiral Sir John West, 
K.C. B. 

J. S. Warde, Esq.—2 copies 
Henry Lee Warner, Esq 
Mr. Weller 
Edw. Wells, Esq. 

Hon. G. Wentworth 
Rev. J. West 
Mr. T. White 
Miss Whitehead 
Mrs. Whitley 
George Wilder, Esq. 

Mrs. G. Wilder 

Rev. J. Wilder—3 copies 

Richard Willis, Esq. 

Rev. J. Wing—2 copies 
Rev. Benj. Winston 
Drew Wood, Esq.—3 copies 
Basil T. Woodd, Esq. 

Mrs. Basil T. Woodd 
Mrs. Basil G. Woodd 
Mrs. Woodd 
Mrs. Woodhams 
Miss Woodhams 
William Woodhams, Esq. 
Rev. T. Wrench 


































PREFACE. 


The memory is the foundation and store¬ 
house of all knowledge. Such, however, 
is the multitude of objects which the 
varying panorama of existence presents 
to us, and such the crowd of ideas ex¬ 
cited in our minds by those objects, that 
the strongest memory cannot preserve 
a clear arrangement and recollection of 
its stores, but by far the greater part of 
them falls first into confusion, and then 
into oblivion. 

To provide a remedy for this evil has 
naturally been the study of all highly 
civilized ages. It was soon observed 
that recollection was greatly assisted by 
a rational, or even a casual, connection 
of ideas. We say casual as well as 
rational—because a casual connection is 
often sufficient—nay, sometimes stronger 
than any rational connection. From 



Xll 


seeing a garment we think of its owner 
—thence of his habitation — thence of 
timber and woods—thence of ships, sea- 
fights, admirals, etc. # But a casual con¬ 
nection is sometimes formed between 
ideas seemingly the most incongruous; 
and as the mind is forcibly struck on 
such occasions with the very incongruity 
itself, the impression made is so much the 
deeper and more durable. Of the truth 
of this, the experience of almost every one 
can supply numberless instances. 

On the principles suggested by such 
observations, the Greeks and Romans, 
who carried such investigations to an 
extent scarcely reached by any modern 
nation, seem to have formed their sys¬ 
tems of artificial memory. The practice 
of their orators, as every school-boy 
knows, was to fix in the mind a series 
of substantial objects naturally con¬ 
nected, such as the houses in a street, 
and the apartments in a house; and by 

* Harris’s “Hermes,” b. iii. c. 4. 


Xlll 


persevering habit, so to associate them 
together in the memory, that when the 
first place occurred to them, the ideas 
of the others followed in a regular and 
certain succession,—as the first bar of 
any once well-known melody generally 
suggests all the others with admirable 
facility. With each of those places the 
orator connected in his mind a part of 
the discourse, by always thinking upon 
the two together; and thus, whenever 
his memory was at fault, he had but to 
recur to the substantial associated idea, 
and with it any part of the longest oration 
was instantly brought to his recollection. 

This system of artificial memory is 
supposed to have given rise to various 
expressions still preserved; — such as 
“ common-places”—“ in the first place” 
— “in the second place,” etc. It is 
alluded to both by Cicero and Quinti¬ 
lian, but not so fully described by either 
as to make it clearly intelligible to a 
modern reader; and, so far as we know, 

b 2 


XIV 


no modern orator has been able, or has 
attempted, to reduce it into practice. 
Quintilian himself speaks of it as a 
laborious acquirement: but it seems to 
have been founded on just principles, and 
they who had mastered it by a resolute 
perseverance, found in it, no doubt, a ver}' 
powerful auxiliary to memory. 

Another instance, in which similar 
principles have been reduced into prac¬ 
tice with more decided and intelligible 
effect, is to be found in the artificial 
classification made by the ancients, of the 
starry hosts that spangle the firmament. 
When any one unskilled in astronomy 
surveys on a clear winter’s evening, the 
apparently numberless 

“Immortal lights that live along the sky,” 

he will be inclined to fancy that any 
attempt to arrange and recollect them, 
so that the place occupied by any par¬ 
ticular star or planet might be instantly 
pointed out without difficulty, must be 


XV 


utterly fruitless. Such an attempt, how¬ 
ever, was long since made with perfect 
success, by a system of artificial memory, 
founded upon just principles. The an¬ 
cient astronomers made a fanciful dis¬ 
tribution of the starry spheres, into the 
forms of various animals and things, and 
called the number of stars included 
within the outlines of each figure, a con¬ 
stellation; on which they bestowed the 
name of the creature or thing of which 
it was symbolical. 

The principles on which the present 
system of aiding the memory is founded, 
can be easily and most satisfactorily 
explained. In investigating the prin¬ 
ciples on which the most perfect system 
of artificial memory must be based, the 
question which naturally first suggests 
itself is, what are the objects and ideas 
which the memory most readily seizes 
and most tenaciously retains ? II such 
objects and ideas can be ascertained, it 
seems to follow as a matter of course, 


XVI 


that they present the proper materials for 
a system of artificial memory, provided 
they are such as can be reduced into 
a simple and intelligible system. If 
means can be found to connect the prin¬ 
cipal occurrences and dates of history 
inseparably with such “ objects and 
ideas,” those means must form the best 
system of artificial memory. We ven¬ 
ture to assert, that such “ objects and 
ideas” can be discovered, and that by 
means of “ association” they can be in¬ 
separably connected with historical dates 
and events; and that these assertions 
can be established on no less an autho¬ 
rity than that of Mr. Locke, and by the 
concurrent testimony of all persons in all 
ages, who have bestowed on such inqui¬ 
ries particular attention. The words of 
Mr. Locke are nearly as follow:—“Those 
ideas which are most frequently re¬ 
stamped by a recurrence of the objects 
or actions that produced them, fix them¬ 
selves best in the memory, and remain 


XVII 


there clearest and longest, and those there¬ 
fore which are of the original qualities 
of bodies, viz. solidity, extension, figure, 
motion, and rest, are seldom quite lost, 
whilst the mind retains any ideas at all. ” * 
Again, with respect to “ association of 
ideas.” “ Ideas which are in themselves 
not at all akin, come to be so united in 
some men’s minds that it is very hard 
to separate them. They always keep in 
company; and the one no sooner at any 
time comes into the understanding, but 
its associate appears with it; and if they 
are more than two which are thus united, 
the whole gang always show inseparably 
themselves together. This strong com¬ 
bination of ideas not allied by nature, the 
mind makes in itself either voluntarily 
or by chance.”t 

The symbols adopted in the present 
system are such as seem to possess in 
the highest degree the characteristics 

* Essay on the Human Understanding, b. ii. c. 10. 
f Id. b. ii. c. 33. 


XV111 


specified by Mr. Locke, as requisite to fix 
them most easily and indelibly on the 
memory. They have been selected and 
modified also with a view of making 
them such as, when once connected with 
other ideas by association, are the most 
difficult to be afterwards again severed. 

Other systems, it must be admitted, 
have been numerous, yet short-lived ; 
and the reason we venture to give is, that 
although in some measure efficacious 
and beneficial, they were intricate and 
perplexing, through systematizing and 
attempting too much ; and thereby con¬ 
fusing what otherwise a gentle and easy 
suggestion to the memory would have 
made clear and agreeable. 

This system, therefore, professes to 
pursue the natural suggestions of the 
mind, impressing the memory with dates 
and facts from symbols and pictorial 
representations, that have a direct allu¬ 
sion to what we would remember: and 
it avoids the devices, or vices, of the 


XIX 


topical system, that divides and subdi¬ 
vides buildings into rooms, walls, stripes, 
mosaic floors, etc. for the purpose of 
arranging matter in the repositories of 
the memory; by which means the repo¬ 
sitories become as difficult to discover 
and remember as their contents. Our 
system, so far as it relates to places 
or divisions, merely marks out each 
Plate into ten spaces, and places therein 
symbols and pictorial representations, by 
which the dates or facts may at once be 
fixed on, or called to the memory: and 
so easy and pleasant is the method 
adopted, that a child of ordinary capa¬ 
city, and able to read only, may make 
itself acquainted, in a very short time, 
with all the matter suggested through 
the medium of the Plates in the present 
work. This will be acquired too, not as 
a task, or through the influence of per¬ 
suasion, threats, or fears, but as an amus¬ 
ing and attractive occupation. And with 
respect to grown individuals, we venture 


XX 


to say that the dates of the whole number 
of important events and eras of Roman 
history, as detailed in the following 
pages, may be readily acquired, and per¬ 
manently fixed in the memory, in the 
space of a very few hours. 

The author has only to add, that should 
his anticipations of the utility and popu¬ 
larity of this little work be realized, it is 
his intention to apply the system, in a 
similar manner, to various other branches 
of historical knowledge. 


EXPLANATORY PREFACE. 


The first thing to be attended to by 
the learner of the following system is 
the substitution of certain letters of the 
alphabet, for the numerals by which dates 
are usually set forth: for these letter's 
must he securely fixed in the memory 
before the learner can proceed a step in 
his course . By reason of the association 
of ideas employed in the particular 
letters adopted in place of figures, this 
preliminary step will be found perfectly 
easy, and the work of a few minutes 
only. 

1. The numeral 1 differs from the let¬ 
ter t only by a stroke through the upper 
part of the letter;—t therefore is chosen 



XXII 


to express 1. (It will assist the memory 
to add that the word unit, denoting one , 
ends with a t). 

2. The numeral 2 is expressed by the 
letter n—there being two distinct strokes 
in the letter. 

3. The numeral 3 is expressed by the 
letter m, for a similar reason. Moreover, 
the figure 3 if placed thus, oo bears a 
resemblance to the letter m. 

4. The numeral 4 is represented by 
the letter r. It may be fixed in the 
memory by observing that it is the con¬ 
cluding letter of the word four , which 
word contains four letters. 

5. The numeral 5 is represented by 1 
—1 being the Roman for 50—and fifty 
being a multiple of 5—and there being 
five letters in the word fifty. 

6. Reverse the letter d and you obtain 
something like the figure 6—d therefore 
expresses 6. 

7. C, k, g, q. The figure 7 somewhat 
resembles a hooked stick, and to remem- 


XX111 


ber this stick the better, let us suppose a 
cage to be suspended from it. In the 
word cage there are the consonants c and 
g—k is also added to the number, for c 
is more frequently pronounced hard (as 
in cage ) than soft (as in centre ) — q 
being a guttural, and a crooked letter, 
may be united with the cage and the 
stick . Thus, for the figure 7, we have a 
choice of the letters c, k, g, q. 

8. B, h, v, w. In the numeral 8 there 
are two naughts, or two round things . 
these may be converted into beehives ; 
and if one be placed upon the other, the 
result will convey a tolerably accurate 
idea of the figure 8. For the numeral 
8 then, we adopt the letters b, h, v, w :— 
it being scarcely possible to pronounce 
the word beehive without calling to mind 
these letters. 

9. P, f. The figure 9 is rather like a 
pipe, and a pipe is seldom used without 
a puff of smoke issuing from it. The 
association of p and f with the pipe -like 


XXIV 


form of the figure 9 cannot, therefore, 
easily be forgotten. 

0. S, x, z. The 0 being round may 
be compared to a wheel or grinder of 
a mill; and this wheel, when in swift 
rotation, gives out a hissing sound. The 
hissing consonants s, x, z, are therefore 
attached to the cipher—x is also formed 
(in writing) from two half circles or 
wheels; and z is the first letter of the 
word zero. 

We have thus the ten numerals, of 
which all dates are composed, expressed 
by certain letters of the alphabet; all of 
which letters are consonants , be it ob¬ 
served. It only remains to convert these 
letters into words, by the introduction of 
vowels. 

For example (vide Plate I) : The first 
symbol or picture is a kiln, and a room 
being built, the date is obtained by k, 1, 
n, or 752 B.C. Building a Room will 
suggest the building of Rome by Romulus, 
Room and Rome being alike in sound. 


XXV 


The Couplets are added for the benefit 
of those whose memories are easily im¬ 
pressed by the jingle of metre and rhyme. 
The Imitations of Latin Nonsense Hexa¬ 
meters are made for the use of Grammar 
Schools, after the manner of Dr. Grey’s 
‘ 4 Memorial Lines.” Any boy, therefore, 
who is able to learn his “ Propria quae 
maribus,” can acquire these lines with 
the greatest facility, and retain them 
afterwards, as the memory in this system 
is impressed by the eye as well as the 
ear. And we can show also, that the 
system confers another advantage upon 
the memory; inasmuch as our dates are 
English words , and not like Dr. Grey’s 
system, merely an uncouth combination 
of letters. This combination in Grey’s 
system arises from its resources being 
contracted, by admitting vowels as well 
as consonants to be substituted for figures; 
whereas we substitute the consonants for 
figures, and use the vowels only for the 
purpose of forming words. 


XXVI 


The Christian Era in this work is dis¬ 
tinguished by the first two letters in the 
explanation of the Plates, commencing 
with A.D. for Anno Domini. The plan 
adopted by the Author in the use of this 
system with his own pupils, is, as soon as 
the substitution of letters for figures, as set 
forth in the Explanatory Preface, is fixed 
in the memory by the learner, to make 
them read over the Prose Explanation to 
each Plate, and the Couplets at least three 
times, comparing carefully the suggestions 
and dates with the symbols; the Nonsense 
Hexameters will then be easily retained 
by reading them once or twice, and all 
the dates and facts firmly fixed in the 
memory. 

It is only necessary further to impress 
upon the learner, that in applying the 
symbolical words used in the pictures, 
he is to adopt the consonants only, as 
representatives of the required dates:— 
the vowels being introduced solely for the 
purpose of forming those consonants into 


XXV11 


words that will suggest the symbols 
sought to be fixed in the memory. 

When the learner has gone through 
the eight Plates, he is recommended to try 
his proficiency in them by the chrono¬ 
logical table and date words, the symbols 
and pictures will then associate them¬ 
selves with the facts and dates to be 
remembered, and thereby fasten them 
in the memory. 


XX VI11 


t stands for 1 
n .... 2 

m .... 3 

r .... 4 

1 .... 5 

d .... 6 



N.B .—Do not proceed until the Ex¬ 
planatory Preface and the above Table 
are firmly fixed in the memory. Nothing 
can be done without this knowledge. 













































































THE 


NEW AID TO MEMORY, 


ADAPTED TO 

THE HISTORY OF ROME. 


In the following Dates I have confined myself to the 
more easy and convenient eras of before (B.C.) and 
after (A.D.) Christ. 


PLATE I. 

1. Building of Rome by Romulus. 

Kiln, 752 B.C. 

A Room being built, and a Kiln upon a hill, 
will suggest that Rome was built by Romulus, 
on the Palatine Hill. 

Kiln will give the date 752 B.C. 

2. Accession of Numa Pompilius. 

Gaiter , 714 B.C. 

Vestal Virgins, each wearing a Gaiter , and 
carrying a Pompion or Pumpkin; they are going 
with much Pomp into the Temple of Janus, 


B 




2 


which was built by Numa Pompilius, and was 
shut in peace and open in war. 

Gaiter will give the date 714 B.C. 

3. Accession of Tullus Hostilius. 

Dogs, 670 B.C. 

A Horse still (for Hostil) or quiet, with dogs 
at his heels, will suggest the name and date of 
this King. The Roman swords and helmet will 
remind us of the battle which was decided be¬ 
tween the Romans and Albans. Three brothers 
on each side of the same age decided the combat. 
Those of the Romans were called Horatii, those 
of the Albans, Curiatii. One of the Horatii 
survived the contest, and consequently the fight 
was in favour of the Romans. It has been said, 
that no dogs even ever fought so regardless of 
their own safety, each only sought the destruc¬ 
tion of the other. 

Dogs will give the date 670 B.C. 

4. Accession of Ancus Martius. 

Dymoke or Demi-Oak , 637 B.C. 

A Warrior or Dymoke the Champion, hurling 
a spear towards a Demi-Oak , which is here used 


3 


as a boundary mark. On his shield is an Anchor , 
the first syllable of which Anc, will suggest the 
name of Ancus. These symbols will suggest 
the name and date of this King, and the cere¬ 
mony which he instituted to precede a declaration 
of war. A Herald went with a javelin in his 
hand to the confines of the enemy, solemnly 
proclaimed war, and then flung his weapon into 
their territories. 

Demi-Oak or Dijmoke will give the date 637 

B.C. 


5. Accession of Tarquinius Priscus. 

Editor , 614 B.C. 

An Old Tar (for Tarquin the Old) turned 
Editor , standing in a circle with a Book in his 
hand, will suggest the name and date of this 
King. The circle will remind us that Tarqui- 
nius Priscus laid the first foundations of an 
amphitheatre, for the combats of men and beasts. 

Editor will give the date 614 B.C. 

6. Accession of Servius Tullus. 

Laced , 576 B.C. 

A Servant whose livery is much Laced , will 
suggest the name and date of this King. He 


4 


had the name of Servius affixed to him because 
he was the son of a bondwoman, who had been 
taken at the sacking of a town belonging to the 
Latins, and was born while his mother was yet 
a slave. 

Laced will give the date 576 B.C. 

7. Accession of Tarquinius Superbus. 

Looms , 530 B.C. 

A Tar on the Prow of a ship (for Tarquin 
the Proud) destroying Looms with his cutlass, 
will suggest the name and date of Tarquinius 
the Proud, also the brutal treatment of Lucretia 
from his son Sextus, whose conduct on this 
occasion led to the subversion of the kingly 
power of Rome. 

Looms will give the date 530 B.C. 

8. Banishment of Tarquinius Superbus. 

Lie-a-soak , 507 B.C. 

The Tar on the Prow is driven overboard, 
and fallen into a washing tub, where he may lie- 
a-soak. These symbols will suggest the date 
when the regal power was overthrown. 

Lie-a-soak will give the date 507 B.C. 


5 


9. Creation of the first Dictator, 
Largius. 

Reface , 497 B.C. 

A Large Idol and a man going to reface it will 
suggest the name and date of this magistrate. 
The people invested him with uncontrollable 
power. 

Ref ace will give the date 497 B.C. 


10. Creation of the Tribunes. 

Air-Fan, 492 B.C. 

A Tribunal with an Air-Fan swinging over it 
will suggest this institution and its date. The 
five sticks of the fan will remind us of the num¬ 
ber of Tribunes, when they were first created: 
their office was to annul all such decrees of 
the Senate as they considered to lean upon the 
people, by the word, Veto, I forbid. 

Air-Fan will give the date 49*2 B.C. 


6 




1 

When Romulus Old Rome erected, 

A Kiln marks when it was projected. 

2 

Numa Pompilius now appears, 

Each Vestal here a Gaiter wears. 

3 

These fighting Dogs, though here at rest, 
Hostilius and his reign suggest. 

4 

The Demi-Oak struck by a spear, 

Ancus suggests, his very year. 

5 

This Editor should throw the Discus, 
Clearly to show Tarquinius Priscus. 

6 

Laced Servius his birth must own, 
Though Fortune destined him a throne. 

7 

A Tar for Tarquin cuts the Looms, 
Sextus his Son Lucretia dooms. 

8 

Proud Tarquin’s date is “ lie-a-soak,” 
When Banishment his crimes provoke. 


7 


9 

Reface the Idol of your choice, 

In Largius’ dictates now rejoice! 

10 

The Tribunes’ Airy Fan will cool 
The oppressive Senators’ misrule. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

RomM/i, Nu gaiter, Hos dogs, Anc. demi-Oak, Editor , Prise. 
Serv. Laced, Tarq. Looms, Tarq. Lie-a-soak , First Die. 
Reface, Tri. Air-Fan. 


8 


PLATE II. 

1. Creation of the Decemviri. 

Reels, 450 B.C. 

The Roman figure X (for ten) on the pillars 
of the Forum, which appears to totter or Reel, 
will suggest the ten Senators who had all the 
power of the State vested in them. The totter¬ 
ing or reeling pillars in the Court of Justice, will 
remind us how it was administered before Rome 
possessed the twelve tables of the law, which 
were brought at this time from Athens and the 
cities of Greece. 

Reels will give the date 450 B.C. 

2. Expulsion of the Decemviri. 

Arrow , 448 B.C. 

The Roman figure X tumbling from its pillar, 
on which a knife is lying, the point resembles 
an arrow . 

The expulsion of the Decemviri was in con¬ 
sequence of the conduct of Appius Claudius, 



























































































9 


one of the Decemviri, who was enamoured of 
Virginia, the daughter of Virginius, a centurion. 
The base endeavours of Appius against the 
honour of his daughter, rankled like an arrow 
within him; to save her therefore from being 
disgraced, he plunged a knife into her heart. 
The soldiers incensed at the conduct of Appius 
produced a revolution. 

Arrow will give the date 448 B.C. 


3. Wars of the Sam'nites. 

Mart , 341 B.C. 

Some Knights (sound like Samnites) on horse¬ 
back standing in a Horse-Mart will suggest the 
name and date of these wars. The mart may 
remind us that a Roman knight was not allowed 
to sell his horse, unless he was deposed, and 
ordered to do so by the Censor. 

Mart will give the date 341 B.C. 


4. First Punic or Carthaginian War. 
Undam, 263 B.C. 

A puny Cart (for Carthage) standing by a 
puny Dam of water, which some men in helmets 

b 2 


10 


(Romans) are endeavouring to Undam or break 
up, will suggest the date of the First Punic 
War. 

The origin of this war, was the desire of each 
nation, Carthage and Rome, to become pos¬ 
sessed of the Island of Sicily. The Romans 
wished it as a granary for Rome; the Cartha¬ 
ginians, as of great advantage to them as a 
commercial station. Each nation, therefore, 
under pretence of affording assistance in an 
internal war at Messana in Sicily, sent aux¬ 
iliaries, who soon turned their arms against each 
other. 

Undam will give the date 263 B.C. 

5. Second Punic or Carthaginian War. 

Untied , 216 B.C. 

Two puny Carts (for Carthage) loaded with 
rolls of torn papers, the strings around them 
are untied , and a besieged town will suggest 
the infraction of the Articles of Peace by the 
Carthaginians. 

The City of Saguntum in Spain, in alliance 
with Rome, was besieged by Hannibal, the Car¬ 
thaginian General, contrary to the Articles of 
Peace. 

Untied will give the date 216 B.C. 


1] 


6. Third Punic or Carthaginian War. 

Troop , 149 B.C. 

A Cart (for CWhage) with three wheels, 
attacked by a troop of black Numidians, will 
suggest the date of this war, and the incursion 
of Masinissa the Numidian, into a territory 
claimed by the Carthaginians, who attempted to 
repel it. 

This defence of themselves was considered by 
the Romans a violation of the treaty made after 
the Second Punic War, which treaty stated, that 
the- Carthaginians were not to make war without 
the consent of the Romans. 

On this account, the Romans commenced the 
Third Punic War. 

Troop will give the date 149 B.C. 

7. Destruction of Carthage. 

Turk, 147 B.C. 

A Cart (for Carriage) broken to pieces and 
a crescent upon it, will suggest the barbarous 
Turk -like treatment which Carthage endured 
when overthrown by the Romans. 

Turk will give the date 147 B.C. 


12 


8. Sedition of the Gracchi. 

Eat-meat, 131 B.C. 

Two kicking horses, which are here made to 
eat meat out of a Rack-high (for Gracchi), will 
suggest the sedition of Tiberius and Caius 
Gracchi, whose main object was to bring into 
operation the Licinian law, which enacted, that 
no person in the state should possess above five 
hundred acres of land, but that the overplus 
should become the property of the state. In 
this agitation, which lasted upwards of ten years, 
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus lost their lives; 
the former, in an affray of the people; the latter, 
by assassination. 

Eat-meat will give the date 131 B.C. 

9. JuGURTHINE War COMMENCED. 

Tattoo , 111 B.C. 

An African chief, who has undergone the 
operation called Tattoo , with a Jug of Earth (for 
Jugurtha) on his head, will suggest the name of 
Jugurtha, king of Numidia, in Africa, and also 
the date of the war. Jugurtha was attacked by 
the Romans for his treachery to Adherbal, one 
of the princes whom the Romans had decreed 


13 


should divide the kingdom of Numidia. After 
a war of five years, Jugurtha was taken prisoner, 
carried to Rome, and starved to death. 

Tattoo will give the date 111 B.C. 


10. Social War begins. 

Feet, 91 R.C. 

A Tumbler, who is striking his head with his 
feet which have on the Roman Sock (for Social) 
will suggest the Social War and its date. 

Most of the States of Italy entered into a 
confederacy against Rome, in order to gain the 
freedom, and to be treated as Citizens of Rome. 
This was called the Social War. After three 
years’ war, the States in a great measure suc¬ 
ceeded. It may be called the war of the feet 
against the head. 

Feet will give the date 91 B.C. 


1 

Decemviri are now created, 

Then Justice reels and makes them hated. 

2 

Decemviri expelled the State, 

When Arrow marks Virginia’s fate. 


14 


3 

For Samnites War a Mart is drawn, 

No Roman Knight his horse must pawn. 

4 

Undam First Punic War explains, 

At Messana the battle reigns. 

5 

Next Punic War Untied bespeaks, 
Saguntum now with carnage reeks. 

6 

Third Punic War! Toll Troop its knell! 
Carthage her wrongs must not repel. 

7 

When Scipio Carthage rent asunder, 

A Turk suggests its date and plunder. 

8 

Eat-meat mad Gracchi now proclaim, 
Agrarian laws their objects claim. 

9 

When first Jugurtha struck a blow, 

The ornament Tattoo will show. 

10 

The Feet the Social wars denote, 

Then States in Roman councils vote. 


15 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Decemvirree/s, Ex-Decem. Arrow, Samnite-il/ari-war. 

First Punic Undam , Sec. Punic Untied, Third Punic a Troop. 
Carthage Turk, Grac. Eat-meal, Jug. Tattoo, Social Feet. 


16 


PLATE III. 

1. MitiIridatic War begins. 

Hop, 89 B.C. 

A withered date -tree (for Mithridatic); upon 
it is the Roman Standard, entwined by the 
Hop-plant. 

These symbols will suggest-the Roman in¬ 
vasion of Pontus in Asia, the kingdom of 
Mithridates. This war continued 26 years. 

Hop will give the date 89 B.C. 


2. Civil Wars of Marius and Sylla. 

Abbey , 88 B.C. 

A broken bottle of Marsala wine, and an 
abbey in ruins, where a solitary individual is 
seen weeping. Marsala we may suppose to 
be compounded of Mar and Sylla , and conse¬ 
quently will easily suggest the names of Marius 
and Sylla. The Ruin will suggest the ruins of 
Carthage, where Caius Marius concealed him¬ 
self from the vengeance of Sylla. 

Abbey will give the date 88 B.C. 










« 




























































m 
















17 


3. Death of Sylla. 

Cow, 78 B.C. 

A &7/abub (for Sylla) in a Roman Urn, and 
by it stands a cow. 

A little before his death, Sylla made his own 
epitaph, the tenour of which was, “that no man 
exceeded him in doing good to his friends, or 
injury to his enemies.” 

Cow will give the date 78 B.C. 

4. Servile War. 

Game , 73 B.C. 

Dead Game and a dying Gladiator, who has 
on a servant’s Hat, will suggest the origin and 
date of the Servile War. It took its rise from 
a few gladiators, who broke from the fencing 
school at Capua, having drawn a number of 
Slaves after them. Their number at length 
increased to an army of 40,000 men, who talked 
of attacking Rome. 

At length, they were completely exterminated 
by Pompey, though they fought bravely to the 
last. 

Game will give the date 73 B.C. 


18 


5. Catiline's Conspiracy. 

Dome , 63 B.C. 

A Cat-of-nine tails (for Catiline) on the Dome 
or top of the Roman Senate House, will suggest 
the name of Catiline, who was accused in the 
Senate House by Cicero with being a traitor, 
and the enemy of his country. 

Catiline and his army were totally destroyed 
by Petreius. 

Dome will give the date 63 B.C. 

6. First Triumvirate. 

Adze , 60 B.C. 

A ZWwmphal (for Triumv irate) Chariot, in which 
are standing three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, 
and Crassus; preceding the chariot are the 
lictors, with their fasces or bundles of rods; in 
the middle of each bundle, instead of the axe, 
is placed an Adze y which will give the date 
60 B.C. 

7. Civil War between Caesar and 
Pompey. 

Eels , 50 B.C. 

The Seas are (for Ccesar) swelling with much 
pride and Pomp y and Eels are curling in the 
waves. 

Eels will give the date 50 B.C. 


19 


8. Battle of Pharsalia. 

Robe, 48 B.C. 

A Robe for sale (for Pharsalia) will suggest 
the name and date of this battle between the 
troops of Caesar and Pompey. 

Robe will give the date 48 B.C. 


9. Alexandria taken by Caesar. 

Arc, 47 B.C. 

Caesar taking a mug of Ale X (for Alex¬ 
andria), and sitting upon an arc. He appears 
also to be wounded by Cupid’s Arrow. These 
symbols will suggest the taking of Alexandria 
by Caesar, and his being captivated with the 
charms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son called 
Caesario. 

Arc will give the date 47 B.C. 


10. Cato kills himself. 

Reed, 46 B.C. 

A Cat (for Cato) basking by an African reed; 
around the Cat’s neck hangs a sword. These 
symbols will suggest not only the death of Cato, 
but the African war, at tl\e end of which Cato 


20 


killed himself, determined not to survive the 
liberty of his country. 

Reed will give the date 46 B.C. 

1 

The Mithridatic throne alarm’d! 

The Hop suggests when Romans arm’d. 

2 

A ruined Abbey without rites, 

Marks Marius and Sylla’s fights. 

3 

When Sylla’s corse to ashes burn, 

By a Cow the date we learn. 

4 

Dead Game denotes the war of Slaves, 

When Gladiators met their graves. 

5 

A Dome will easily define 
Conspiracy of Catiline. 

6 

An Adze, instead of Axe of State, 

Will give the first Triumvirate. 

7 

Caesar and Pompey take the field, 

And Eels the very year have sealed. 


21 




8 

In Robe of woe let Pompey moan, 
Caesar! Pharsalia’s thine own. 

9 

An Arc denotes, though old and shaken, 
Alexandria by Caesar taken. 

10 

Our life is but a fragile reed, 

Thought Cato when his soul he freed. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Mith. Hop War, Mar-^W«?y-Sylla War, CWSy-de, Ser. Game, 
Cati. Dome, First Tr. Adze, Eels Cae-Po, Phars. Robe, Alex. Arc, 
Cat. Reed. 


22 


PLATE IV. 

1. Battle of Munda. 

Ariel, 45 B.C. 

Ariel, or the Spirit of Air, striking the Moon 
(symbol for Monday or Munda) with a Roman 
Standard, will suggest the Battle of Munda and 
its date. 

This battle was fought at Munda in Spain, 
between Caesar and the Republican forces, 
under the command of the sons of Pompey the 
Great. 

Ariel will give the date 45 B.C. 

2. Caesar murdered. 

Roar, 44 B.C. 

A sea storm, or the Seas (for C«sar) roar, will 
suggest the consternation and uproar of the 
people of Rome, at the murder of Julius Caesar 
in the Senate House by his friend Brutus and 
other conspirators. 

Roar will give the date 44 B.C. 





0 

























































23 


3. Second Triumvirate in Octavius, 
Antony and Lepidus. 

Arm, 43 B.C. 

A double bodied XWwmphal Car, in which 
are three men, each extending his Arm and 
holding a pen, will suggest the date of the 
Second Triumvirate, and their dreadful proscrip¬ 
tion. This premeditated carnage amounted to 
three hundred senators, and above two thousand 
knights. 

Arm will give the date 43 B.C. 


4. Battle of Philippi. 

Roan , 42 B.C. 

A Roan-Filly (for Philippi) will suggest 
Philippi, and the date of this battle. 

This battle was fought near the city of Phi¬ 
lippi, in Macedonia, between the triumvirate 
and Brutus and Cassius, the leaders of the re¬ 
publican party, which was routed; afterwards 
Brutus and Cassius killed themselves. 

Roan will give the date 42 B.C. 


24 


5. Battle of Actium, and the Title of 

Augustus given to Octavius, who was 

now made Emperor. 

Mate , 31 B.C. 

A Naval Action , in which a naval Officer 
called a Mate , is very conspicuous. 

This naval battle took place between the 
forces of Augustus and Antony, near Actium, a 
city of Epirus. Augustus was the victor. We 
may remember also by the hempen (for Emperor) 
ropes of the ship and the sybolized gust of 
wind (for Augustus ), that the era of the Roman 
Emperors properly begins here, of which Au- 
gustoA was the first. 

Mate will give the date 31 B.C. 

6. Death of Cleopatra. 

Maize, 30 B.C. * 

A small serpent, or asp in a field of Clover 
(for C/eopatra) and Maize will suggest the name 
of Cleopatra, and the fact of her destroying 
herself by the bite of an Asp. Cleopatra 
destroyed herself to avoid being led in triumph 
at Rome by Augustus, after he had taken 
Alexandria. 

Maize will give the date 30 B.C. 


25 


7. The Egyptians adopt the Julian Year. 
Nile , 25 B.C. 

GzjoszVs, or Egyptians, by a river (the Nile) 
with rings, emblems of the revolving year, in 
their ears, will suggest this fact and date. 

Nile will give the date 25 B.C. 


8. Secular Games celebrated at Rome. 

Toga, 17 B.C. 

A Roman in his toga or gowm, jumping in a 
Sack (for Secular), will suggest the celebration 
of the Secular Games, which, according to the 
Sibylline Oracles, were to be observed at the 
beginning of every age, a hundred and ten years. 
Their fifth celebration took place in the reign 
of Augustus Caesar; and if duly observed, Rome 
was to flourish for ever, and all nations would 
become subjected to her dominion. 

Toga will give the date 17 B.C. 

c 


26 


The following Dates are in the Christian Era. 

9. Tiberius began to reign. 

Tare, 14 A.D. 

A-De ad fare-field surrounded with High- 
Berry bushes. High-Berry and Tiberi sound 
sufficiently alike to suggest the name of Tibe¬ 
rius. 

The jealous conduct of Tiberius towards his 
nephew Germanicus and his Children, all of 
whom he caused to be poisoned, will never be 
forgotten. 

Tare will give the date 14 A.D. 

10. Caligula began to reign. 

Mace , 37 A.D. 

^-Diminished short buskin, called in Latin 
Caliga (for Caligula), that was now worn by the 
common sentinels, and which was also usually 
worn by this Emperor, gave him the name of 
Caligula. A Mace also, the emblem of authority, 
is introduced in the picture: these symbols 
suggest the era, date, and name of this wicked 
Emperor. 

Mace will give the date 37 A.D. 



27 


1 

For Munda’s fight is Ariel , 

Where Pompey’s sons did not prevail. 

2 

Caesar by Brutus’ hand is slain, 

Then Roar the Ides of March explain. 

3 

Triumvirate the second’s here 
Arm and proscriptions mark this year. 

4 

Philippi’s battle is a Roan, 

Where Caesar’s murderers atone. 

5 

Actium’s sea-fight is a Mate, 

An Officer of lowest rate. 

6 

A Maize for Cleopatra dead, 

T’avoid in Triumph to be led. 

7 

The Nile adopts the Julian year, 

The symbols in the Plate appear. 

8 

Secular Games are celebrated, 

The Toga now seems quite elated. 


Tiberius begins to reign. 

A-D and Tare the object gain. 


10 

Caligula must bear a Mace, 

Short buskins too his legs embrace. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Mund. Ariel, Caes. Roar, Sec. Tri. Arm, Phil. Roan, Actium,il/ate. 
Cleo. Maize, Gyp. Juli Nile year, Game. Toga , Tibe. tare > Cal. mace. 








































PLATE V. 


1. Claudius began to reign. 

Root , 41 A.D. 

^-Dreadful Wild beast, whose Claw (for. 
Claudius) is fixed in the root of a tree, will 
suggest the era, name, and date of this imbecile 
monster of an Emperor. 

Root will give the date 41 A.D. 


2. Nero began to reign. 

Lyre, 54 A.D. 

A-Du\cet Lyre , played by a Hero or Nero, 
while a city (Rome) appears to be in flames, 
will suggest something of the character of this 
cruel, vicious, and unnatural monster; who is 
said to have played music, as he stood upon a 


30 


high tower during a conflagration in Rome, 
which conflagration most historians ascribe to 
him. 

Lyre will give the date 54 A.D. 

3. Galba began to reign. 

Love , 68 A.D. 

A-Dqsx Girl (vulgarly pronounced Gal) 
with a Dove , will suggest the name and date 
of Galba. 

The virtues which had shone so bright in 
Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared 
after he ascended the throne. 

Dove will give the date 68 A.D. 

Otho began to reign. 

Deaf, 79 A.D. 

A Deaf Adder feeding upon Oats (for Otho), 
will suggest the name and date of this Emperor. 

During the reign of Nero, Otho was the 
companion in his vices and debaucheries; at that 
time he was deaf to every call of virtue; but when 
he-became Emperor, he proved himself to be 
courageous, benevolent, and humane. 

Deaf will give the date 69 A.D. 


31 


5. VlTELLIUS BEGAN TO REIGN. 

Deep , 69 A.D. 

A-Dead headless body, which has received a 
deep vital (for Vitel lius) blow from the execu¬ 
tioner, will suggest the name, date, and end of 
this Emperor. This monster was put to death 
by the soldiers of Vespasian, and his body flung 
into the river Tiber. 

Deep will give the date 69 A.D. 


6. Vespasian began to reign. 

Dip , 69 A.D. 

A- Daring man in a vast passion (for Ves¬ 
pasian ), ready to dip his hands in blood, will 
suggest the enthusiasm of the army of Vespa¬ 
sian, when at Jerusalem the soldiers determined 
to make him Emperor. 

Dip will give the date 69 A.D. 

7. Titus began to reign. 

Cup , 79 A.D. 

A-Daring Titmouse (for Titus), feeding out 
of the Crater (or Cup) of Mount Vesuvius, will 
suggest the era, name, and date of this Emperor, 


32 


also the destruction of the cities of Herculaneum 
and Pompeii, by an eruption of Mount Vesu¬ 
vius. 

When he had done nothing beneficial to 
mankind the day preceding, he would exclaim: 
“ I have lost a day ! ” 

Cup will give the date 79 A.D. 


8. Domitian began to reign, 
j Hat, 81 A.D. 

A-Dreadful man, dressed in a Domino (for 
Domitian), or Toga, and wearing a Roman Cap 
or Hat , will suggest the name and date of this 
monster. 

Hat will give the date 81 A.D. 

9. Nerva began to reign. 

Pied , 96 A.D. 

A- Divine Goddess, Minerva (for Nerva), 
with her favourite bird, the Owl; the plumage 
of which is here very much Pied . 

Nerva was the first foreign Emperor who 
reigned in Rome, and justly reputed a prince 
of great generosity and moderation. 

Pied will give the date 96 A.D. 


33 


10. Trajan began to reign. 

Pew , 98 A.D. 

A -Delightful memorial, erected to comme¬ 
morate the victories of this excellent Prince; it 
is called Trajan's Pillar ! We have placed the 
Pillar in a sort of Pew, and made Ivy to Trail 
(for Trajan) about the Pillar, to suggest the 
name and date of this Emperor. 

Pew will give the date 98 A.D. 

I 

The Root of Claudius is bad, 

His actions imbecile and sad. 


2 

A Lyre the monster Nero plays, 

And views the city in a blaze. 

3 

Short reign of Galba is a Dove, 

His sway the Romans could not love. 

4 

Once Deaf to virtue, Otho’s fame 
Ended benevolent and humane. 

5 

Vitellius’ corse is in the Deep, 

The Tiber, where it ought to sleep. 

c 2 


34 


6 

Dip not the hands in blood affray, 
Soldiers! Vespasian obey. 

7 

Here’s health to Titus! take the Cup. 
This Emperor’s name is ever up. 

8 

Though beast and worthless as a Rat, 
Domitian must wear a Hat. 

9 

Minerva’s favourite bird is Pied , 

The reign of Nerva to decide. 

10 

To show the Roman Royal line, 

A Pew is Emperor Trajan’s sign. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Clauroof, Nero lyre, Gal dove. Deaf Otho, Vitellius deep. 
VespasianJyt?, Tit cup, Hat Domi. Pied Nerva, Tra pew. 






















































































35 


PLATE VI. 

1. Adrian began to reign. 

Attica , 117 A.D. 

A-Drian, symbolized by hay dry (for Adrian) 
at the Quay (for Attica ), and a cross, will 
suggest not only the name and date of this 
excellent Emperor, but his visit to Athens, 
where he mitigated the severity of the treatment 
endured by the Christians. 

Attica will give the date 117 A.D. 

2. Antoninus Pius began to reign. 

Tomb, 138 A.D. 

A-Decidedly pious (for Pius) man kneeling 
at a tomb , will suggest the name, date, and 
character of this excellent Prince, who declared, 
that if any should disturb the Christians upon 
the account of their religion, such should 
undergo the same punishment which was in¬ 
tended against the accused. 

Toinb will give the date 138 A.D. 


36 


3. Marcus Aurelius. 

To date , 161 A.D. 

A-Dark Mark upon the awning of a Royal 
Tent, to date the year of the accession of this 
Emperor. 

Mark and awning will suggest the name of 
Marcus Aurelius, who was an excellent and a 
wise man. When he died, it seemed as if the 
whole glory and prosperity of the Roman 
Empire died with him. 

To date will give the date 161 A.D. 


4. CoMMODUS BEGAN TO REIGN. 

Tubs , 130 A.D. 

A-Dirty common (for Co/wmodus) wareman, 
with his wares in tubs upon his head, will sug¬ 
gest the name, date, and low frolics of this 
Emperor, who sometimes disguised himself as 
a petty chapman, and attended markets to sell 
small wares. 

His whole reign is but a tissue of wantonness 
and folly, cruelty and injustice, rapacity and 
corruption. 


37 


Common will suggest Commodus, and the 
weathercock made of swords will symbolize his 
capricious cruelty. 

Tubs will give the date 180 A.D. 


Pertinax began to reign. 

Eat-a-pine^ 192 A.D. 

A-Delicate tiny axe (for Per tinax) in a pine 
apple, must here be made use of instead of a 
knife to eat-a-pine with. 

Tiny axe will suggest the name and date of 
this excellent Prince, who was cut off by 
assassination. 

Eat-a-pine will give the date 1 92 A.D. 


6. Didius Julian began to reign. 

Eat-a-pine , 192 A.D. 

A-Dark hideous Jew (for Didius Ju.) with 
bags of gold—he is about to eat-a-pine. These 
symbols will suggest the name and date of this 
Emperor, who purchased the Empire with gold 
of the Pretorian soldiers, who had murdered his 
predecessor. 

Eat-a-pine will give the date 192 A.D. 


38 


7. Severus began to reign. 

Eat-a-Jile, 195 A.D. 

A-De adly viper, endeavouring to eat-a-jile , 
has broken or severed it. These symbols will 
suggest the name, date, and the almost insuper¬ 
able difficulties which Severus overcame, in his 
extraordinary march with his army from the 
East into Britain, to attack Albinus, who com¬ 
manded the Roman forces in that country. 

Eat-a-file will give the date 195 A.D. 


8. Caracalla and Geta began to reign. 

One Tit , 211 A.D. 

.4-Dazzling Royal Car (for Caracalla), drawn 
by a pair of tits or small horses— one tit is jet 
(for Geta) black. These symbols will suggest 
the names and date of these Emperors, who 
for a time jointly governed the Empire. 

The weathercock, made of swords and fixed 
to the car, will suggest the capricious and 
horrid cruelties of Caracalla. 

One tit will give the date 211 A.D. 


39 


9. Oppillius Macrinus began to reign. 

Antique , 217 A.D. 

A-Dull, sailing, antique fishing-boat, with 
mackarel (for Macrinus), lying near the piles, 
will suggest the name, date, and short reign of 
this Emperor; who, having risen from the lowest 
ranks of society to the throne, may be compared 
to a mackarel, which is hardly out of its element 
before it dies. 

Antique will give the date 217 A.D. 


10. Heliogabalus began to reign. 

Neat Beau , 218 A.D. 

A-Debased character, a neat beau in woman's 
attire, with an ell measure in his hand, will sug¬ 
gest the name, date, and some part of the vicious 
conduct of this young Emperor. He was a 
monster of sensuality, and even took upon 
himself the quality of a woman, and publicly 
married one of his officers. He was put to death 
by his soldiers. 

Neat beau will give the date 218 A.D. 


40 


1 

To Attica when Adrian goes, 

The Christian people find repose. 

2 

The Tomb here marks the Christians free, 
For Antoninus bends the knee. 

3 

We ought to date Aurelius, 

A man both great and virtuous. 

4 

The Tubs of Commodus declare 
The frolics of his selling ware. 

5—6 

Come eat-a-pine f and date your facts, 
Didius Julian, and Pertinax. 

7 

Eat-a-Jile, thou hardy man! 

Severus, who the East o’erran. 

8 

In Royal Car drawn by one-tit 
Must Caracalla and Geta sit. 

9 

The word’s Antique, the race is new, 
Macrinus’ days are very few. 


41 


10 

Heliogabalus, the neat beau, 
Humanity and virtue’s foe. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Adr. Attica , Anto. Tomb Pius, Aurelius to date Marcus. 
Pertinax eat-a-pine, Did Juli. eat-a-pine, Eat Jile Severus. 
Car. Geta One Tit, Opp. Mac. Antique, Helio. neat beau. 







PLATE VII. 


1. Alexander began to reign. 

An union , 222 A.D. 

A-Due balance, or the scales of justice, held 
by an union of hands , will suggest the name, 
date, and excellent character of this Emperor. 
An union will give the date 222 A.D. 


2. Maximin began to reign. 

Animal , 235 A.D. 

A-Drover, or we will call him a royal herds¬ 
man, having a sword instead of a whip, to drive 
a very large (Maximus) animal , will suggest the 
name, date, size, origin, and character of this 
cruel Emperor. He was eight feet and a half 
high, well proportioned, and originally a poor 
herdsman of Thrace. 

Animal will give the date 235 A.D. 


















































































43 


3. PUPIENUS AND BALBINUS BEGAN TO REIGN. 

Numb , 238 A.D. 

A-Dying puppy (for Pwjpzenus) in a numb 
torpid state, with a Ball (for ifaZbinus) tied to its 
tail, will suggest the names and date of these 
two Emperors, who were partners in the Empire. 
The Swords will remind us that they were 
murdered. 

Numb will give the date 238 A.D. 


4. Gordian began to reign. 

One Mow , 238 A.D. 

A-De adly Scythe, which has cut asunder at 
one mow a knot in a cord (the Gordian knot), 
will suggest the name, date, and end of Gordian, 
who was slain by the order of Philip, and made 
his equal in the command of the Empire. 

One Mow will give the date 238 A.D. 


5. Philip began to reign. 

In Rome , 243 A.D. 

^-Dreadful sight! a head, which is almost 
cut asunder by a sword that has severed the Jaws 
through the lips (for Phi lip), will suggest the 


44 


name, date, and the exact manner in which 
he was killed. He caused the secular games to 
be celebrated, it being just a thousand years 
from the building of the City. 

In Home will give the date 243 A.D. 


6. Decius began to reign. 

Nerve , 248 A.D. 

^-Determined arm and hand, in which a 
Nerve is visible, trying to restrain and hold 
together a Globe, which is breaking to pieces, 
and running down a Descent (for Decius), will 
suggest the name and date of this Emperor, as 
well as the approaching downfall of the State, 
which it appeared, no human means could 
prevent. The Roman Standard and Christian 
Banner crossed, remind us of the obstinate 
disputes between the Pagans and Christians. 

Nerve will give the date 248 A.D. 

7. Gallus began to reign. 

Inlet , 251 A.D. 

A-Dreary Gallows (for Gallus), on which an 
olive wreath is suspended: the Gallows is 
situated on an Inlet. The Gallows will suggest 


45 


the punishment he deserved for his treachery, 
when a General to the late King his Master; 
and the Olive wreath, the dishonourable peace 
be bought from the Goths, to whom he agreed 
to pay a considerable annual tribute. 

Inlet will give the date 251 A.D. 


8. Valerian began to reign. 

An Elm , 253 A.D. 

A-Deep Valley Valerian with an Elm tree, and 
by it is a man mounting a horse, making another 
man's back his footstool. 

These symbols will suggest the name and 
date of this unfortunate Emperor, who was 
treated in this servile manner by Sapor, King 
of Persia. 

An Elm will give the date 253 A.D. 


9. Galienus began to reign. 

In Leap , 259 A.D. 

A-Dnsiy Galloway (for Gaftenus) in Leap; the 
Mane of the Horse is under the effect of a gale 
from the North. These symbols will suggest 


46 


the name and date of this Emperor, as well as 
the violent incursions of the Northern nations 
upon the Roman Empire. 

In Leap will give the date 259 A.D. 

10. Claudius began to reign. 

Endive , 268 A.D. 

A -Dirty Bird’s Claw (for C7awdius), holding 
a bunch of Endive, will suggest the name and 
date. 

Endive will give the date 268 A.D. 

1 

An Union for Alexander, 

Whose reign was even without slander. 

2 

An Animal fitted for a Sty 
Was Maximin, full eight feet high. 

# 

3 

Of Pupienus and Balbinus, 

Numb and Puppy will remind us. 

4 

Gordian by Philip is laid low, 

Whose date is fixed by One Mow. 

5 

Philip’s jaws were cleft asunder 
In Rome, the upper from the under. 


47 


6 

Though Decius tried with all his Nerve, 
He could not Ancient Rome preserve. 

7 

When treacherous King Gallus reigns, 

An Inlet properly explains. 

8 

An Elm denotes Valerian’s rule, 

Sapor made his back a stool. 

9 

v 

For Galienus —In a Leap, 

Whose realms the Northern nations sweep. 

10 

The date of Claudius we give, 

By a little bunch of Endive. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Alex, an Union , Max. Animal, Balb. numb. Pupienus. 
Gord. one mow. Philip in Rome, Decius nerve, Gallus inlet. 
Valeri, an Elm, Galienus in leap, Claudius Endive. 


48 


PLATE VIII. 

1. Aurelian began to reign. 

Ounces 270 A.D. 

A- Dagger in “ A Real Lion,” (pronounced 
quickly, sounds not unlike Aurelian); near him 
stand two Ounces , animals of the same class. 

After an obstinate siege of his native city, 
Tyana of Cappadocia, he took it. But though 
its inhabitants were in his power, and his 
soldiers requested him to allow them to plunder, 
he forbad them. This part of his character was 
noble, like that of the Lion ; but his cruelty 
afterwards is well represented by the treacherous 
and savage disposition of the Ounces . 

Ounces will give the date 270 A.D. 


2. Tacitus began to reign. 

Angel , 275 A.D. 

A-Dear Angel wearing a crown, having a 
finger upon the lips (a tacit for Tacitus, emblem 
of Wisdom) and holding a book. These symbols 



















































49 


will suggest the name and date, as well as the 
conduct and character of this Emperor: compared 
with most of his predecessors, he was more like 
an angel than a man. He was fond of learning, 
particularly the works of his namesake, Tacitus 
the Historian. He commanded that they should 
be placed in every public library throughout the 
empire. 

Angel will give the date 275 A.D. 


3. Probus began to reign. 

Angel , 275 A.D. 

A -Dear Angel with a Probe (for Probus) in 
his hand, with which he is pointing at a sus¬ 
pended bottle. The character and conduct of 
this Emperor was like the last. His pointing 
at the bottle is to remind us of his saying, 
which he used on seeing the rebel Bonosus, a 
determined votary of Bacchus, after he had 
hung himself: i( There hangs not a man but a 
bottle.” 

Angel will give the date 275 A.D. 


D 


50 


4. Carus, and his two Sons, Carinus and 
Numerian, began to beign. 

An Ebony , 282 A.D. 

^-Dismal Car, “ An Ebony 99 One, made to 
carry three, with the Number upon it. Car, 
Carry and Number will easily suggest the 
names, and “ An Ebony ” the date of this trium¬ 
virate. 

An Ebony will give the date 282 A.D. 


5. Dioclesian began to reign. 

One Boar , 284 A.D. 

A-Dying Diocesan (for Dioclesian), or Bishop 
with a Cross or X upon his Mitre, attacked by 
One Boar , will suggest not only the name and 
date of this Emperor, but the ten or X last per¬ 
secutions of the Christians which happened in 
this reign. One Boar suggests also the fulfil¬ 
ment of a prophecy, that Dioclesian, who slew 
Aper, the father-in-law of the previous Emperor 
Carenus, should be Emperor, after he had slain 
a boar, the Latin of which word is Aper. 

One Boar will give the date 284 A.D. 


51 


6. CoNSTANTIUS AND GaLERIUS BEGAN 
TO REIGN. 

Measure, 304 A.D. 

A-Dandified man in a Gallery (for Ga/erius) 
with a Quadrant, about to Measure the height 
of a Constellation, will suggest the names and 
date. 

Measure will give the date 304 A.D. 

7. Constantine the Great began to reign. 
Motto, 311 A.D. 

A-Devoted man gazing at the Great Constel¬ 
lation (for Constantine the Great); by it is the 
miraculous pillar of light in shape of a cross, 
and the Motto , “ In this overcome,” which was 
a means of converting this Emperor to Chris¬ 
tianity. 

Motto will give the date 311 A.D. 

8. Seat of Empire removed from Rome 
to Constantinople. 

Mean Hoy, 328 A.D. 

A-Dull sailing, Mean Hoy, with a throne on 
Board. The Pilot is looking at and steering 
by the Great Constellation. 

Mean Hoy will give the date 328 A.D. 


52 


9. Constantinople solemnly dedicated 
11th of May. 

May-Muse, 330 A.D. 

A-Dancing Girl, one of the Nine Muses (we 
will call her the May-Muse), singing and dancing 
under a May Pole by the light of the Great 
Constellation. 

May-Muse will give the date 330 A.D. 


10. Death of Constantine the Great. 
My Image, 337 A.D. 

A-Descending Star is falling from the Great 
Constellation upon my Image of Constantine. 
My Image will give the date 337 A.D. 



53 


] 

Aurelian is shown by Ounces, 

For cruelty his mind announces. 

2 

Tacitus from every vice is free, 

Angel and Tacitus thus agree. 

3 

Probus hears an honest name, 

An Angel fitly dates his fame. 

4 

Here An Ebony Chariot runs, 

With Carus and his reigning Sons. 

5 

Dioclesian slew One Boar , 

And persecuted Christians sore. 

6 

Galerius entered on a Measure 
With Constantine to half the treasure. 

7 

A Heavenly Motto gave the State 
To Christian Constantine the Great. 

8 

From West to East this Mean Hoy sails, 
Constantinople now prevails. 


Constantinople now elate, 

The May Muse sings to dedicate. 


10 

My Image must commemorate 
The Death of Constantine the Great. 


NONSENSE HEXAMETERS. 

Aur. Ounces , Tac. Angel, Prob. Angel, Carus An Ebon. 

Diocl. One Boar, Const. Measure Gale, Constantine Motto. 

Const, nople Mean Hoy, Const, nople May-Muse, Consta. De. My Image 


55 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 

WITH 

THE DATE WORDS OF THE EVENTS 

CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME. 


Rome under the dominion of Kings. 
Plate I. 


DATE WORD. B. C. 


1. Building of Rome by Romulus 

Kiln 

752 

2. Accession of Numa Pompilius 

Gaiter 

714 

3. Accession of Tullus Hostilius 

Dogs . 

670 

4. Accession of Ancus Martius . 

Dymoke . 

637 

5. Accession of Tarquinius Priscus 

Editor 

614 

6 Accession of Servius Tullius . 

Laced 

576 

7. Accession of Tarquinius 

Superbus 

Looms 

530 

8. Banishment of Tarquinius 

Superbus 

Lie-a-soak 

507 

Commonwealth . 

9. Creation of the first Dictator 

Reface . 

497 

10. Creation of the Tribunes 

Air Fan . 

492 

Plate IT. 

1. Creation of the Decemviri 

Reels 

450 

2. Expulsion of the Decemviri . 

Arrow . 

448 

3. Wars of the Samnites . 

Mart 

341 

4. First Punic War . 

Undam . 

263 




56 


5. 

Second Punic War 

DATE WORD. 

Untied 

B.C. 

216 

6. 

Third Punic War 

Troop 

149 

7. 

Destruction of Carthage 

Turk 

147 

8. 

Sedition of the Gracchi 

Eat-meat 

131 

9. 

Jugurthine War commenced . 

Tattoo 

111 

10. 

Social War begins 

Feet 

91 


Plate III. 



1. 

Mithridatic War begins 

Hop 

89 

2. 

Civil Wars of Marius and Sylla 

Abbey 

88 

3. 

Death of Sylla 

Cow 

78 

4. 

Servile War 

Game 

73 

5. 

Catiline’s Conspiracy . 

Dome 

63 

6. 

First Triumvirate 

Adze 

60 

7. 

Civil War between Caesar and 




Pompey .... 

Eels 

50 

8. 

Battle of Pharsalia 

Robe 

48 

9. 

Alexandria taken by Caesar . 

Arc 

47 

10. 

Cato kills himself 

Reed 

46 


Plate IV. 



1 . 

Battle of Munda . 

Ariel 

45 

2. 

Caesar murdered . 

Roar 

44 

3. 

Second Triumvirate in Octavius, 




Anthony, and Lepidus 

Arm 

43 

4. 

Battle of Philippi 

Roan 

42 


Empire of Rome. 



5. 

Battle of Actium, and the Sove¬ 




reign power of Augustus . 

Mate 

31 

6. 

Death of Cleopatra 

Maize 

30 



57 


7. The Egyptians adopt the 

DATE WORD. 

E.C. 

Julian Year 

Nile 

25 

8. Secular Games celebrated at Rome Toga 

17 

9. Tiberius began to reign 

Tare 

A.D. 

14 

10. Caligula began to reign 

Mace 

37 

Plate Y. 



1. Claudius began to reign 

Root 

41 

2. Nero began to reign 

Lyre 

54 

3. Galba began to reign 

Dove 

68 

4. Otho began to reign 

Deaf 

69 

5. Yitellius began to reign 

Deep 

69 

6. Vespasian began to reign 

Dip 

69 

7. Titus began to reign 

Cup 

79 

8. Domitian began to reign 

Hat 

81 

9. Nerva began to reign . 

Pied 

96 

10. Trajan began to reign . 

Pew 

98 

Plate VI. 



1. Adrian began to reign . 

Attica 

117 

2. Antoninus Pius began to reign 

Tomb 

138 

3. Marcus Aurelius began to reign 

To date . 

161 

4. Commodus began to reign 

Tubs . 

180 

5. Pertinax began to reign 

Eat-a-pine 

192 

6. Didius Julian began to reign 

Eat-a-pine 

192 

7. Severus began to reign . 

Eat-a-jile 

195 

8. Caracalla and Geta began to 



reign .... 

One Tit . 

211 

9. Oppillius Macrinus began to 



reign .... 

Antique . 

217 

10. Heliogabalus began to reign . 

Neat Beau 

218 


d 2 



58 


Plate VII. 

date word. 

A.D. 

1. Alexander began to reign 

An Union 

222 

2. Maximin began to reign 

Animal . 

235 

3. Pupienus and Balbinus began 



to reign .... 

Numb 

238 

4. Gordian began to reign 

One Mow 

238 

5. Philip began to reign 

In Rome . 

243 

6. Decius began to reign . 

Nerve 

248 

7. Gallus began to reign . 

Inlet 

251 

8. Valerian began to reign 

An Elm . 

253 

9. Galienus began to reign 

In Leap . 

259 

10. Flavius Claudius began to reign 

Endive . 

268 

Plate VIII. 



1. Aurelian began to reign 

Ounces . 

270 

2. Tacitus began to reign . 

Angel 

275 

3. Probus began to reign . 

Angel 

275 

4. Carus and his two Sons, Carinus 



and Numerian, began to reign 

An Ebony 

282 

5. Dioclesian began to reign 

One Boar 

284 

6. Constantine and Galerius be¬ 



gan to reign 

Measure . 

304 

7. Constantius the Great began 



to reign .... 

Motto 

311 

8. Seat of Empire removed from 



Rome to Constantinople 

Mean Hoy 

328 

9. Constantinople solemnly dedi¬ 



cated 11th of May 

May Muse 

330 

10. Death of Constantine the Great 

My Image 

337 


59 


OF THE ROMAN YEAR AND MONTHS. 


A brief explanation of the Roman methods of 
computing time may be here, it is hoped, not im¬ 
properly introduced. The form of the Roman Month 
was so different from modern modes of reckoning, 
that many young persons feel some perplexity on a 
first examination of it, and are apt to imagine it 
cannot be understood without laborious attention. 
It must be admitted, indeed, that the discrepancies 
which are found, on comparing the accounts which 
have been given of this subject, are calculated to 
confuse and discourage the student; but, it is hoped, 
the following observations will place it in a clear 
light, divest it of all difficulties, and make it easy to 
be comprehended. No satisfactory account of the 
Latin year, as established previously to the time of 
Romulus, is to be found in any writer; and the 



60 


accounts of the reformation effected by him are 
various and contradictory. Some maintain that his 
year (as we may designate it) consisted of ten months 
of 31 or 30 days each, to which names were given, 
and two anonymous intercalary months. Others 
assert, that the additional intercalary months were 
not added until the reign of Numa, and the weight 
of authority, as well as the difficulty which must have 
attended any computation by established anonymous 
months, seems to favour this opinion. The year then 
of Romulus may be deemed to have consisted of the 
following months. 


Days. 

1 March—so called from Mars the father of the state 31 

2 April—from aperio to open, because the buds and 


flowers open in the spring time . . 

. 30 

3 May—from Maia the mother of Mercury . 

. 31 

4 June—from Juno . . . . . 

. 30 

5 Quintilis 

or 5th Month 

. 31 

6 Sextilis 

or 6th . 

. 30 

7 September 

or 7th ..... 

. 30 

8 October 

or 8th ..... 

. 31 

9 November 

or 9th ..... 

. 30 

10 December 

or 10th ..... 

. 30 



304 

The errors 

and inconveniences of such 

a method 


of computation must soon have become apparent. 
The seasons must have greatly varied—Spring some¬ 
times coming in April, and sometimes in December. 







6] 


It is probable, therefore, that in the latter part of the 
reign of Romulus, attempts were occasionally made 
by the introduction of intercalary months, to remedy 
this confusion; but it seems not to have been until 
the succeeding reign, that a revision of the calendar 
took place, and measures were adopted to introduce 
greater regularity and correctness for the future. 
The reformation effected by Numa consisted in the 
addition of 50 days to the old year, in order to make 
it agree with the lunar year, which contains 354 days. 
These additional days he divided into two months, 
called Januarius (from the deity Janus), and Febru- 
arius, from februo to purify, because, during that 
period of the year, were celebrated the lustrations 
and purifications. But an even number being deemed 
unlucky, it is related, that Numa’s superstition in¬ 
duced him to give his year an additional day, making 
it to consist of 355 days; and that from the same 
motive, he took one day from each of the existing 
six months which had an even number of days, and 
added six days to the two additional months intro¬ 
duced by him. After all, however, having 56 days 
to divide between two months, he felt himself com¬ 
pelled to allot 28 to February, which month was 
consequently always deemed unfortunate. The year 
of Numa, therefore, was as follows:— 


62 



Days. 

January ..... 

29 

February ..... 

28 

Martius. 

31 

Aprilis ..... 

29 

Maius ..... 

31 

Junius ... . .. 

29 

Quintillis ..... 

31 

Sextilis ..... 

29 

September ..... 

. 31 

October ..... 

29 

November ..... 

29 

December ..... 

29 


355 


From the progress, however, which had been made 
in the observations of the celestial bodies, Numa had 
become acquainted with the difference of nearly 
11 days, existing between the lunar and solar year; 
and he directed that every other year an inster- 
stitial month called “ Mensis intercalaris,” should 
be introduced, to provide for the deficiency existing 
in his year; but the regulation of the calendar 
being left to the priests, they made a handle of 
this intercalary month for their own purposes; 
and served their friends who were in office, or had 
to collect the taxes, by making the year longer 
or shorter as best suited their convenience. The 
natural consequence of this abuse was that, in the 
time of Julius Caesar, the Calendar was found to 
have fallen into utter confusion. Before noticing 








63 


the improvement which he introduced, we will just 
observe, that some writers assert the old calendar of 
Romulus continued in use until the time of Tar- 
quinius Priscus; and others relate, that the position 
of February, as the second month in the year, was 
given to it in the time of the Decemvirs, and that 
previously it took its place after December as the last 
month. We will now proceed to consider the Julian 
year, which has continued in use to this day in all 
Christian countries, without any other variation than 
the “new style” introduced by Pope Gregory the 
XII. in 1582. 

When Julius Caesar had established himself as 
master of the Roman State, his great and active 
mind sought employment in revising its institutions, 
and correcting the disorders and abuses by which 
they were disfigured. Amongst other reforms, his 
attention was given to the confusion and uncertainty 
of the calendar. To introduce as correct a system 
as possible, he sought the aid of the ablest astrono¬ 
mers ; and it is reported that he selected Sosigenes, an 
eminent philosopher of Alexandria, and brought him 
from Egypt to execute the task. To restore the 
succession of the seasons at their proper months, 
Caesar introduced into the current year besides the 
intercalary month of twenty-two days, two extraor¬ 
dinary months, between November and December, 
thus making that year to consist of fifteen months, 


64 


and of 445 days. The year in which this reformation 
was commenced, was the 46th or 47th B.C., and 
was appropriately styled the last year of confusion. 
He next adjusted the year according to the true 
course of the sun, making it to consist of 365 days, 
as follows: 


January . 


Days. 

31 

February . 


28 

March . 


31 

April . 


30 

May. 


31 

June . 


30 

July (formerly Quintilis) 


31 

Sextilis (afterwards Augustus or August) 

31 

September . 


30 

October . 


31 

November . . . . 

> . . 

30 

December . . . . 

. 

31 



365 


It appears, therefore, that he restored to the months 
the days of which they had been deprived by Numa 
from motives of superstition; and to supersede the 
system of intercalary months, added to the established 
months as many days as the year of Numa fell short 
of the true year. But the true year consisting of 
365 days 5 hours and about 49 minutes, he added 
an intercalary day to February every fourth year, 
from which circumstance that year came to be called 







65 


bisextile ; the sixth of the Calends of January, or the 
24th of February, being then reckoned twice over. 
Of course the Julian year itself exceeded the true 
year by about 11 minutes, which, in 131 years amount 
to a whole day. From the time of the general 
Council of Nice, held in the year 325 of the Christian 
era, to the time of Pope Gregory the XIY. in 1582, 
it was found that the vernal .Equinox had advanced 
to days. Ten days were, therefore, abstracted from 
the month of October in that year, to make the 
^Equinox fall on the 25th March, as it did in the 
time of the Council. To prevent the like variation 
for the future, Pope Gregory ordered that only one 
hundreth year in every four hundred years should be 
deemed bisextile, or a leap-year. This was at that 
time esteemed as almost an exact conformity to the 
true solar year. Dr. Halley, however, makes the 
solar year to be 


days hours min. sec. Srds 4ths 5ths 

365 5 48 54 41 27 31 

According to which calculation, in 400 years the 
Julian year of 365 days 6 hours will exceed the 
solar by 3 days 1 hour and 5 minutes, so that in 
50 centuries, the excess in the Gregorian or New 
Style, will amount to about a day. 

The greater part of Europe soon adopted the new 
style; but in this country the Julian calendar was 


66 


retained until the year 1752, when the new style was 
established by Act of Parliament, and the excess 
over the true year was corrected, by leaving out of 
the month of September eleven days. Russia alone 
still retains the old style. 


Of Calends, Nones, and Ides. 

The Romans divided their months into three parts, 
the Calends, Nones and Ides. At the time of every 
new moon, the Pontifex assembled the people in the 
capitol, and called over as many days as there were 
between the day of assembling, and the Nones; and 
from this practice, that day obtained the name of 
Kalendae or Calends, from the old Latin word “calo” 
or the Greek KaXaj to call. This custom, however, 
continued only until the year of the city 450, when 
C. Flavius, the Curule iEdile, ordered the Fasti or 
Calendar, to be affixed up in public places for general 
information. The Calends were always fixed to the 
first day of every month. 

The Nonae or Nones were so called, because, 
counting inclusively, they were nine days from the 
Ides. March, May, July, and October, had six 
Nones each, but the other months only four. In the 



67 


former, therefore, the Nones arrived on the 7th day, 
and the Ides on the 15th; in the others, the Nones 
were on the 5th day, and the Ides on the 13th. 

The Ides were so called, as some report, from the 
Greek word eidog, the “appearance"’ of the full 
moon; but as others assert, with more probability, 
from the obsolete verb “ iduare ” to divide, because 
they nearly divide the month. The mode of reck¬ 
oning was backwards; thus January 1st was the 
1st of the Calends (or Kalends) of January. De¬ 
cember 31st was Pridie Kal: Januar: Dec. 30 was 
Terti: Kal: Januar: and so on to the 13th, or Idus 
Decembris. 

It should be observed, that whenever the word 
Kalendas, Nonas, or Idus, is used in the accusative 
case, the preposition ante is always understood; thus 
“ tertio Kalendas,” etc. is the same as “tertio die 
ante Kalend: “ Nonas,” or “Idus.” 

To afford a further illustration of this subject, we 
subjoin the following Table: 


MtotorotoKjrotstctoto*-*-*— ►- i—■ <— — >— 

OOCO<iaO^UK)-OCQOv)Clt<^WIO^OOGO<IQOuMUitOi- 


FORMS OF THE ROMAN MONTHS. 


Januarius. Februarius. 


Calendae. 


1 

Calendae. 


4th Non. 

vel ante Nonas. 

2 

4th Nonas—or before the 

3rd 

do. 


Nones. 


Pridie 


3 

3rd 

do. 

Non® 


4 

Pridie 


8 Idus—or ante Idus 

5 

Non® 


7th 

do. 

6 

8 Idus 


6th 

do. 

7 

7th 

do. 

5th 

do. 

8 

6th 

do. 

4th 

do. 

9 

5th 

do. 

3rd 

do. 

10 

4th 

do. 

Pridie— 

or day before 

11 

3rd 

do. 

Idus 

12 

Pridie 


19th Calendas Februarii 

13 

Idus 


18th 

do. 

14 

16th Cal. 

Martii 

17th 

do. 

15 

15th 

do. 

16th 

do. 

16 

14th 

do. 

15 th 

do. 

17 

13th 

do. 

14 th 

do. 

18 

12th 

do. 

13th 

do. 

19 

11th 

do. 

12th 

do. 

20 

10th 

do. 

11th 

do. 

21 

9th 

do. 

10th 

do. 

22 

8th 

do. 

9th 

do. 

23 

7th 

do. 

8th 

do. 

24 

6th 

do. 

7th 

do. 

25 

5th 

do. 

6th 

do. 

26 

4th 

do. 

5th 

do. 

27 

3rd 

do. 

4th 

do. 

28 

Pridie Cal 

i. Martii. 

3rd 

do. 


' 


Pridie Cal. Feb. 





London: Printed by Manning and Mason, Ivy-lane, St. Paul’s. 






The following are a few of the Testimonials which have 
already been furnished by the independent Public Press, 
in favour of the pretensions of the 

NEW AID TO MEMORY 

ADAPTED TO THE 

HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND ROME. 

“ These attractive and prettily got up little volumes profess to 
offer a new system (modified from that of Feinagle), by which 
the dates of the chief events in the entire History of England and 
Rome may be indelibly fixed on the memory in the course of a 
few hours diligent study. The principle on which they proceed, 
that of association of ideas, is undoubtedly a true one; and we 
have as little doubt that its application will be found effective for 
the purpose sought in the present publication.” 

New Monthly Magazine. 

“ The basis of the system is the same as that of Locke—the 
Association of Ideas. ”— Atlas. 

“ These are very ingenious works.”— Observer. 

“ This is an ingenious method of impressing the great events of 
the History of England and Rome on the mind. The principles 
of Feinagle have been improved and followed out,—and what is 
better—simplified. ”— Sunday Times. 

“ We cordially recommend these ingenious works to the notice 
of teacher and pupil, to both of whom they will prove of very 
material assistance.”— Court Journal. 

“ * The New Aid to Memory, Part 1 and 2, containing the 
most remrakable events in the History of England and Rome, 
illustrated by 200 symbolical engravings, by a Cambridge M.A. 
Whittaker and Co.’—The system is founded upon Mr. Locke’s 
correct notion of gathering our ideas from external objects, and 
fixing them in the memory by presenting to the eye some allusion 
to, or likeness of, the facts and dates to be recorded. The principle 
is a true one, and we are glad to find it so ably and agreeably 
illustrated in the volumes before us. The illustrations are well 
designed, and executed with a view to the objects of the works. 
The little time and labour required to become thoroughly ac¬ 
quainted with the contents of these books considerably enhance 
their value. The work seems capable of producing valuable results 
to those who have neglected this important portion of education.” 

Naval and Military Gazette. 

“ Familiar objects become the symbols of events, and are made 
to lead the mind to them with a speed greater than that of words 
—above all, the system teaches to remember numbers with facility. 


NEW AID TO MEMORY— continued. 


The present volumes are illustrative of the principal events of the 
History tff England and Rome, with their dates; and most 
sincerely do we hope they will meet with success, and that the 
author will fulfil his promise of extending his plan to several other 
interesting subjects/’— Era. 

“The great and peculiar advantage of which our author may 
justly boast is, that not only is the bare date obtained, but a little 
history depending from it is also brought to mind : for example 
(we take one at random), a single print and its accompanying 
word not only give the accession of Henry the First, but also mark 
his usurpation, his consequent sycophancy towards the people, 
diminution of the royal prerogative, and cession of the taxes. The 
present volumes, which have reference to English and Roman 
history, are got up with considerable taste and elegance; the cuts, 
above two hundred in number, are clever in design and executed 
with spirit, recommendations of themselves sufficient to make them 
favourites with young persons; we sincerely trust that their 
success will equal their deserts, and be such as to induce the inge¬ 
nious Author to render his discovery as generally available as it is 
novel and important.”— Parthenon. 

“ This little treatise, which appears to have been very carefully 
composed, is embellished with two hundred extremely neat sym¬ 
bolical engravings, and is well worthy of the attention of the 
instructors of youth. Grown up persons also, who have felt a 
difficulty in recollecting dates, may find in the system of the 
Cambridge* M. A. a valuable assistant. If we may judge from the 
£ List of Subscribers,’ which contains the names of Tier Most 
Gracious Majesty the Queen Dowager, many of the Nobility, the 
Bishops of Rochester, Ripon, Durham, and Chichester, and 
many other persons of rank, we should pronounce the success of 
these books to be beyond a question.”— Dover Telegraph. 

“ We may venture to recommend it as worthy the attention of all 
grown up persons who are desirous of improving their acquaint¬ 
ance with chronology, and more particularly to the instructors of 
youth of both sexes, as it aims at affording a competent knowledge 
of a dry and difficult branch of learning by a means at once enter¬ 
taining, ready, and effectual. These elegant little volumes would 
form an attractive and very useful present for any juvenile ac¬ 
quaintance.”— Brighton Guardian. 

“ The plan is to represent events to the eye by some fanciful 
figure or figures. The substitution of certain letters of the 
alphabet for numerals is ingenious and useful in this very curious 
History of England and Rome. We can recommend this ‘ New 
Aid to Memory, by a Cambridge M.A.’ ”— Metropolitan Magazine. 

Etc. etc. etc. 

LONDON: WHITTAKER & CO., AVE-MARIA LANE. 

RD-17 

























































































































































































































.. 


































































































































































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